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<h1 class="title topictitle1" id="ariaid-title1">Glossary</h1>
<div class="body refbody">
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">3G</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">3rd Generation cellular data network. A technology used for
mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks. It is based on a set
of standards that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">4G</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">4th Generation cellular data network. A technology used for
mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks. It is based on a set
of standards that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">10 Base T</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An Ethernet local area network that works on twisted pair
wiring. 10 indicates the transmission speed of 10 Mbps, while base refers to basehand
signaling i.e. that it only carries Ethernet signals. T refers to the twisted pair of cables
this technology uses. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">100 Base T</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A version of Ethernet that operates at 10 times the speed of a
10 BaseT Ethernet. 100 indicates the transmission speed of 100 Mbps, while base refers to
basehand signaling i.e. that it only carries Ethernet signals. T refers to the twisted pair
of cables this technology uses.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">1000 Base T</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A version of Ethernet that operates at 10 times the speed of a
100 BaseT Ethernet. 1000 indicates the transmission speed of 1,000 Mbps, while base refers
to basehand signaling i.e. that it only carries Ethernet signals. T refers to the twisted
pair of cables this technology uses. </p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">A</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service that authenticates a user and grants rights to
perform specific tasks on the system. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Access Device</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Device capable of sending or receiving data over a data
communications channel. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Accounting</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Accounting measures the resources a user consumes during
access. This can include the amount of system time or the amount of data a user has sent
and/or received during a session. Accounting is carried out by logging session statistics
and usage information and is used for authorization control, billing, trend analysis,
resource utilisation, and capacity planning activities. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__ALaw">A-Law</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The ITU-T companding standard used in the conversion between
analog and digital signals in PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) systems. A-law is used primarily
in European telephone networks and contrasts with the North American mu (μ)-law standard.
See also <a class="xref" href="#reference_br5_jmh_mr__MuLaw">mu (μ)-law</a>. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">ANI (Automatic Number Identification)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">In Channel Associated Signaling, the sending of the calling
numbers is known as Automatic Number Identification.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">AOC</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">In ISDN signaling, an Advice Of Charge (AOC-D) message is sent
to advise of the current charge (D)uring a call or an AOC-E message is sent to advise of the
total charge at the (E)nd of a call.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Area Code</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The preliminary digits that a user must dial to be connected
to a particular outgoing trunk group or line.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Authentication</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Authentication provides a way of identifying a user, typically
by having the user enter a valid user name and valid password before access is granted. The
process of authentication is based on each user having a unique set of criteria for gaining
access. The AAA server compares a user's authentication credentials with other user
credentials stored in a database. If the credentials match, the user is granted access to
the network. If the credentials do not match, authentication fails and network access is
denied.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">B</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Basic Rate Interface</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Basic Rate Interface or Basic Rate Access is an Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration defined in the physical layer standard I.430
produced by the ITU. This configuration consists of two 64 kbit/s “bearer” channels (B
channels) and one 16 kbit/s “data” channel (D channel). The B channels are used for voice or
user data, and the D channel is used for any combination of: data, control/signalling and
X.25 packet networking. The two B channels can be bonded together giving a total data rate
of 128 kbit/s. BRI is the kind of ISDN interface most likely to be found in a residential
service.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Basic Network Interfaces (Bni)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the layer 3 network interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">C</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Call Detail Record (Cdr)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to generate custom
call notifications with information such as endpoints, point of origin, duration, etc.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Call Routing</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Calls through the unit can be routed based on a set of routing
criteria.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Call Routing (CRout)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service manipulating properties and routing calls between
the telephony interfaces and the SIP endpoints.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Certificate Management (Cert)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service that manages the security certificates used for
the authentication of the unit and its peers before establishing a secure connection.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">With this method of signaling, each traffic channel has a
dedicated signaling channel. In other words the signaling for a particular traffic circuit
is permanently associated with that circuit. Channel-associated call control is still widely
used today mostly in South America, Africa, Australia and in Europe.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Command Line Interface (Cli)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to manage the unit
using the SSH or TELNET protocols.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Configuration Manager (Conf)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service executing configuration scripts as well as
performing backup/restore of the unit's configuration.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Country Code (CC)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">In international direct telephone dialing, a code that
consists of 1-, 2-, or 3-digit numbers in which the first digit designates the region and
succeeding digits, if any, designate the country.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">CPE WAN Management Protocol (Cwmp)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to manage the unit
using the TR-069 protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">D</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Device Control Manager (Dcm)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing the auto-detection and identification
of unit hardware components as well as the licence activation keys. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server (Dhcp)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing a DHCP server on each network
interface.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">DNIS is a telephone service that identifies for the receiver
of a call the number that the caller dialed. It's a common feature of 800 and 900 lines. If
you have multiple 800 or 900 numbers to the same destination, DNIS tells which number was
called. DNIS works by passing the touch tone digits (dual tone multi frequency or MF digits)
to the destination where a special facility can read and display them or make them available
for call center programming.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes
and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines. xDSL refers to different
variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">DER for ASN.1, as defined in ITU-T Recommendation X.509, is a
more restrictive encoding standard than the alternative BER (Basic Encoding Rules) for
ASN.1, as defined in ITU-T Recommendation X.209, upon which DER is based. Both BER and DER
provide a platform-independent method of encoding objects such as certificates and messages
for transmission between devices and applications</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Domain Name Server (DNS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Internet service that translates domain names into IP
addresses. For instance, the domain name www.example.com might translate to
198.105.232.4.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">In telephone systems, multi-frequency signaling in which a
standard set combinations of two specific voice band frequencies, one from a group of four
low frequencies and the other from a group of four higher frequencies, are used. Although
some military telephones have 16 keys, telephones using DTMF usually have 12 keys. Each key
corresponds to a different pair of frequencies. Each pair of frequencies corresponds to one
of the ten decimal digits, or to the symbol “#” or “*”, the “*” being reserved for special
purposes.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">TCP/IP protocol that enables PCs and workstations to get
temporary or permanent IP addresses (out of a pool) from centrally-administered servers.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">E</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">E1</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">European PRI digital signal carrier. 32 channels (30 voice
channels + synchronization and signaling).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Echo Cancellation</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Technique that allows for the isolation and filtering of
unwanted signals caused by echoes from the main transmitted signal.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">E and M Channel Associated Signaling (Eam)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Service managing the E and M CAS telephony interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Endpoint Administration (EpAdm)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing for high-level management of telephony
endpoints.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Endpoint Services (EpServ</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the telephony services of each
endpoint.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Ethernet Manager (Eth)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing the unit's Ethernet link
interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">F</span></section>
<section class="section"><dfn class="term">Failback</dfn><p class="p p-term-content">The restoration of the original
state of a system after failing. </p></section>
<section class="section"><dfn class="term">Failover</dfn><p class="p p-term-content"> An automatic switch to a
secondary system on failure of the primary system, used to insure the availability of
critical resources, involving a parallel backup system running at all times so that, upon
the detection of primary system failure, processing is automatically shifted to the
backup.</p></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Far End Disconnect</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Refers to methods for detecting that a remote party has hung
up. This is also known as Hangup Supervision. There are several methods that may be used by
a PBX/ACD/CO to signal that the remote party has hung up, including clear down tone, or a
wink.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Federal Communications Commission (FCC)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">U.S. Government regulatory body for radio, television,
interstate telecommunications services, and international services originating in the United
States.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">File Manager (File)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service allowing the administrator to manage the files
stored on the unit.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Firewall</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A firewall in a networked environment blocks some
communications forbidden by the security policy. It has the basic task of controlling
traffic between different zones of trust. Typical zones of trust include the Internet (a
zone with no trust) and an internal network (a zone with high trust).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Foreign Exchange Office (FXO)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A network-provided service in which a telephone in a given
local exchange area is connected, via a private line, to a central office in another, i.e.,
“foreign”, exchange, rather than the local exchange area’s central office. This is the
office end of an FX circuit (frequently a PBX).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Foreign Exchange Service/Station (FXS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A network-provided service in which a telephone in a given
local exchange area is connected, via a private line, to a central office in another, i.e.,
“foreign”, exchange, rather than the local exchange area’s central office. This is the
station (telephone) end of an FX circuit. An FXS port will provide dial tone and ring
voltage.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Firmware Pack Updater (Fpu)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing firmware upgrade, downgrade and
rollback operations.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__FullDuplexConnection">Full-Duplex Connection</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Refers to a transmission using two separate channels for
transmission and reception and that can transmit in both ways at the same time. See also
<a class="xref" href="#reference_br5_jmh_mr__HalfDuplex">Half Duplex Connection</a>
.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">G</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.703</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">ITU-T recommendation for the physical and electrical
characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces at rates up to 140Mbit/s.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.704</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">ITU-T recommendation for synchronous frame structures on G.703
interfaces up to 45Mbit/s. The conventional use of G.704 on a 2Mbit/s primary rate circuit
provides 30 discrete 64kbit/s channels, with a further 64kbit/s channel available for common
channel signaling</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.711</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Algorithm designed to transmit and receive A-law PCM (Pulse
Code Modulation) voice at digital bit rates of 48 kbps, 56 kbps, and 64 kbps. It is used for
digital telephone sets on digital PBX and ISDN channels.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.723.1</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A codec that provides the greatest compression, 5.3 kbps or
6.3 kbps; typically specified for multimedia applications such as H.323
videoconferencing.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.726</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An implementation of ITU-T G.726 standard for conversion
linear or A-law or μ-law PCM to and from a 40, 32, 24 or 16 kbit/s channel.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">G.729</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A codec that provides near toll quality at a low delay which
uses compression to 8 kbps (8:1 compression rate).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Gateway</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A device linking two different types of networks that use
different protocols (for example, between the packet network and the Public Switched
Telephone Network).</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">H</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__HalfDuplex">Half-Duplex Connection</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Refers to a transmission using the same channel for both
transmission and reception therefore it can't transmit and receive at the same time. See
also <a class="xref" href="#reference_br5_jmh_mr__FullDuplexConnection">Full Duplex
Connection</a>.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Host Configuration (Hoc)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing the IP host parameters and other
system settings.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Hunt Group</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The hunt group hunts an incoming call to multiple interfaces.
It accepts a call routed to it by a routing table or directly from an interface and creates
another call that is offered to one of the configured destination interfaces. If this
destination cannot be reached, the hunt group tries another destination until one of the
configured destinations accepts the call. When an interface accepts a call, the interface
hunting is complete and the hunt group service merges the original call with the new call to
the interface that accepted the call.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">I</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Impedance</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Impedance is the apparent resistance, in an electric circuit,
to the flow of an alternating current, analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a
direct current, being the ratio of electromotive force to the current.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Information Transfer Capability (ITC)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A request to the network exchange equipment to ask if a
particular type of encoding is allowed. It is also called ISDN bearer capability or ISDN
service.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A set of digital transmission protocols defined by the
international standards body for telecommunications, the ITU-T (formerly called the CCITT).
These protocols are accepted as standards by virtually every telecommunications carrier all
over the world. ISDN complements the traditional telephone system so that a single pair of
telephone wires is capable of carrying voice and data simultaneously. It is a fully digital
network where all devices and applications present themselves in a digital form.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Integrated Services Digital Network (Isdn)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the ISDN parameters for BRI and PRI
telephony interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">International Telecommunication Union (ITU)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, that is the most
important telecom standards-setting body in the world.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Internet-Drafts</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Internet-Drafts are working documents of the IETF, its areas,
and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Internet Protocol (IP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A standard describing software that keeps track of the
Internet’s addresses for different nodes, routes outgoing messages, and recognizes incoming
messages.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">IP Forwarding</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Allows the packet to be forwarded to a specific network based
on the packet’s criteria (source IP address and source Ethernet link).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">IP Routing (IpRouting)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the unit's IP routing table.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">IP Synchronisation (IpSync)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service controlling the IP media synchronization using
clock reference signals sent over IP.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) is a 32-bit address
internet protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the successor to the
common Internet Protocol (IPv4). IPv6’s is a 128-bit address Internet protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">J</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Jitter</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A distortion caused by the variation of a signal from its
references which can cause data transmission errors, particularly at high speeds.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">L</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Light Emitting Diode (LED)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A semiconductor diode that emits light when a current is
passed through it.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Link Layer Discovery Protocol (Lldp)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the IEEE 802.1ab protocol used for
advertising the unit's capabilities on the network.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Local Area Network (LAN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Data-only communications network confined to a limited
geographic area, with moderate to high data rates. See also <a class="xref" href="#reference_br5_jmh_mr__Wan">WAN </a>.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Local Firewall</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Allows you to dynamically create and configure rules to filter
incoming packets with the unit as destination. The traffic is analysed and filtered by all
the configured rules.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Local Firewall (Lfw)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to filter incoming
packets with the unit as final destination.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Local Quality Of Service (LQos)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing the QOS parameters applicable to the
unit.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">M</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Management Information Base (MIB)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Specifications containing definitions of management
information so that networked systems can be remotely monitored, configured and
controlled.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Media Access Control (MAC) Address</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A layer 2 address, 6 bytes long, associated with a particular
network device; used to identify devices in a network; also called hardware or physical
address.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Media Interface</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The Media Interface is used for media ( RTP, UDPTL)
processing.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Media IP Transport (Mipt)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the voice and data encodings over the IP
network.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__MuLaw">Mu (μ)-Law</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) voice coding and companding
standard used in Japan and North America. See also <a class="xref" href="#reference_br5_jmh_mr__ALaw">A-Law</a>.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Music on Hold (MoH)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the option to play an audio file when a
telephony endpoint is on hold.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">N</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A group of computers, terminals, and other devices and the
hardware and software that enable them to exchange data and share resources over short or
long distances. A network can consist of any combination of local area networks (LAN) or
wide area networks (WAN).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network Address Translation (NAT)</dfn>
<div class="p p-term-content">NAT, also known as network masquerading or IP masquerading,
rewrites the source and/or destination addresses/ports of IP packets as they pass through a
router or firewall. It is most commonly used to connect multiple computers to the Internet
(or any other IP network) by using one IP address. This allows home users and small
businesses to cheaply and efficiently connect their network to the Internet. The basic
purpose of NAT is to multiplex traffic from the internal network and present it to the
Internet as if it was coming from a single computer having only one IP address. There are
two types of NAT rules: <ul class="ul" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__ul_tmr_ty5_4r">
<li class="li">Source rules: They are applied on the source address of outgoing packets.</li>
<li class="li">Destination rules: They are applied on the destination address of incoming
packets.</li>
</ul></div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network Address Translation (Nat)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to change the source
or the destination IP address of a packet.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network Firewall</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Allows dynamically creating and configuring rules to filter
packets forwarded by the unit. Since this is a network firewall, rules only apply to packets
forwarded by the unit. The traffic is analyzed and filtered by all the rules configured.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network Firewall (Nfw)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to filter traffic that
is routed between networks.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Network Traffic Control (Ntc)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to perform traffic
shaping on the network interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Notification and Logging Manager (Nlm)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the routing and filtering of the unit's
event notification messages.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">O</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Off-hook</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A line condition caused when a telephone handset is removed
from its cradle.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">On-hook</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A line condition caused when a telephone handset is resting in
its cradle.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">P</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Packet</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Includes three principal elements: control information (such
as destination, origin, length of packet), data to be transmitted, and error detection. The
structure of a packet depends on the protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Standard telephone service used by most residential locations;
basic service supplying standard single line telephones, telephone lines, and access to the
public switched network.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Plain Old Telephone System Line (Pots)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the FXS and FXO analog telephony
interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A proposal specifying how a host personal computer interacts
with a broadband modem (i.e., DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) to access the growing number of
Highspeed data networks. Relying on two widely accepted standards, Ethernet and the
point-to-point protocol (PPP), the PPPoE implementation requires virtually no more knowledge
on the part of the end user other than that required for standard Dial up Internet access.
In addition, PPPoE requires no major changes in the operational model for Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) and carriers. The base protocol is defined in RFC 2516.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Port</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Network access point, the identifier used to distinguish among
multiple simultaneous connections to a host.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">POSIX is a set of standard operating system interfaces based
on the UNIX operating system. The need for standardization arose because enterprises using
computers wanted to be able to develop programs that could be moved among different
manufacturer's computer systems without having to be recoded.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Primary Rate Interface (PRI)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A telecommunications standard for carrying multiple DS0 voice
and data transmissions between two physical locations. All data and voice channels are
(ISDN) and operate at 64 kbit/s. North America and Japan use a T1 of 23 B channels and one D
channel which corresponds to a T1 line. Europe, Australia and most of the rest of the world
use the slightly higher capacity E1, which is composed of 31 B channels and one D channel.
Fewer active B channels (also called user channels) can be used for a fractional T1. More
channels can be used with more T1's, or with a fractional or full T3 or E3.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Presentation Indicator (PI)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An information element (IE) field that determines whether a
caller’s CLI can be displayed on a Caller ID device or otherwise presented to the called
party.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Private Branch Exchange (PBX)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A small to medium sized telephone system and switch that
provides communications between onsite telephones and exterior communications networks.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Process Control Manager (PCM)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service managing the start-up and shutdown sequences of
the system.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Protocol</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A formal set of rules developed by international standards
bodies, LAN equipment vendors, or groups governing the format, control, and timing of
network communications. A set of conventions dealing with transmissions between two systems.
Typically defines how to implement a group of services in one or two layers of the OSI
reference model. Protocols can describe low-level details of machine-to-machine interfaces
or high-level exchanges between allocation programs.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Proxy Server</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An intermediary program that acts as both a server and a
client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients. Requests are serviced
internally or by passing them on, possibly after translation, to other servers. A proxy
interprets, and, if necessary, rewrites a request message before forwarding it.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The local telephone company network that carries voice data
over analog telephone lines.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">Q</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">QSIG</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">QSIG is an ISDN based signaling protocol for signaling between
private branch exchanges (PBXs) in a Private Integrated Services Network (PISN). It makes
use of the connection-level Q.931 protocol and the application level ROSE protocol. ISDN
"proper" functions as the physical link layer.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Quality of Service (QoS)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Measure of the telephone service quality provided to a
subscriber. This could be, for example, the longest time someone should wait after picking
up the handset before they receive dial tone (three seconds in most U.S. states).</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">R</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">R2 Channel Associated Signaling (R2)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing the E1 CAS telephony interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">RTCP is the control protocol designed to work in conjunction
with RTP. It is standardised in RFC 1889 and 1890. In an RTP session, participants
periodically send RTCP packets to convey feedback on quality of data delivery and
information of membership.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An IETF standard for streaming real-time multimedia over IP in
packets. Supports transport of real-time data like interactive voice and video over packet
switched networks.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Registrar Server</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A server that accepts REGISTER requests. A registrar is
typically co-located with a proxy or redirect server and MAY offer location services.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Request for Comment (RFC)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A formal document from the IIETF that is the result of
committee drafting and subsequent review by interested parties. Some RFCs are informational
in nature. Of those that are intended to become Internet standards, the final version of the
RFC becomes the standard and no further comments or changes are permitted. Change can occur,
however, through subsequent RFCs that supersede or elaborate on all or parts of previous
RFCs.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">S</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">SBC Session </dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An SBC session is a SIP call established between two endpoints
not including the SBC. A session usually has 2 call legs, one incoming and one outgoing of
the SBC.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Screening Indicator (SI)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A service provided by ISDN that can be used to test the
trustworthiness of the calling party’s number. This signalling-related information element
is found in octet 3a of the ISDN SETUP message.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Service Controller Manager (Scm)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">System service allowing the administrator to enable or disable
services.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Session Border Controller (Sbc)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to perform SIP to SIP
normalization, call routing, NAT traversal and survivability.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Session Border Controller (SBC)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A Session Border Controller used in Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) networks to control the signaling and media streams involved in
establishing, conducting and analysing telephone calls or other interactive media
communications.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Session Description Protocol (SDP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Describes multimedia sessions for the purpose of session
announcement, session invitation and other forms of multimedia session initiation. SDP
communicates the existence of a session and conveys sufficient information to enable
participation in the session. SDP is described in RFC 2327.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A protocol for transporting call setup, routing,
authentication, and other feature messages to endpoints within the IP domain, whether those
messages originate from outside the IP cloud over SCN resources or within the cloud.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Signaling Interface</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The Signaling Interface is used for SIP signaling.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Simple Network Management Protocol (Snmp)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to manage the unit
using the SNMP protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A standard of network management that uses a common software
agent to manage local and wide area network equipments from different vendors; part of the
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) suite and defined in RFC
1157.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">SNTP, which is an adaptation of the Network Time Protocol
(NTP), is widely used to synchronize computer clocks in the global Internet. It provides
comprehensive mechanisms to access national time and frequency dissemination services,
organize the time-synchronization subnet and adjust the local clock in each participating
subnet peer. In most places of the Internet of today, NTP provides accuracies of 1-50 ms,
depending on the characteristics of the synchronisation source and network paths.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">SIP Endpoint (SipEp)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to associate telephony
endpoints with SIP user agents.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Session Traversal Utilities for NAT is a standardized set of
methods and a network protocol to allow an end host to discover its public IP address if it
is located behind a Network Address Translation (NAT)</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Subnet</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An efficient means of splitting packets into two fields to
separate packets for local destinations from packets for remote destinations in TCP/IP
networks.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Switched Circuit Network (SCN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A SCN (Switched Circuit Network) is a general term to
designate a communication network in which any user may be connected to any other user
through the use of message, circuit, or packet switching and control devices. The Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or a Private Branch eXchange (PBX) are examples of
SCNs.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">T</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__T1">T1</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__T1Def"> North-American PRI digital signal carrier. 24
channels (23 voice + 1 signaling)</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">T.38</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An ITU-T Recommendation for Real-time fax over IP. T.38
addresses IP fax transmissions for IP-enabled fax devices and fax gateways, defining the
translation of T.30 fax signals and Internet Fax Protocols (IFP) packets.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">TDM</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">Method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over
a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line
so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating
pattern</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Telephony</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The science of translating sound into electrical signals,
transmitting them, and then converting them back into sound.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Telephony Interface (TelIf)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service managing tone generation and detection on the
telephony interfaces.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">TR-069</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The TR-069 also known as CWMP, is a Broadband Forum technical
specification. This protocol can be used for monitoring and updating CPE configurations and
firmware. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">TR-104</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The TR-104 is a part of CWMP, a Broadband Forum technical
specification. This specification defines the data model for provisioning a Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) CPE device by an Auto-Configuration Server (ACS) using the
mechanism defined in TR-069. </p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">TR-106</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">TR-106 specifies data model guidelines to be followed by all
TR-069-enabled devices.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">TR-111</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">This specification extends the mechanism defined in TR-069 for
remote management of customer premises equipment to allow a management system to more easily
access and manage devices connected via LAN through an Internet gateway.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.
It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or
an extranet).</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A simplified version of FTP that transfers files but does not
provide password protection, directory capability, or allow transmission of multiple files
with one command.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">U</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">User Datagram Protocol (UDP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">An efficient but unreliable, connectionless protocol that is
layered over IP, as is TCP. Application programs are needed to supplement the protocol to
provide error processing and retransmission of data. UDP is an OSI layer 4 protocol.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">V</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Virtual LAN (VLAN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A network of computers that behave as if they are connected to
the same wire even though they may actually be physically located on different segments of a
LAN. One of the biggest advantages of VLANs is that when a computer is physically moved to
another location, it can stay on the same VLAN without any hardware reconfiguration.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Virtual Private Network (VPN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A private communications network usually used within a
company, or by several different companies or organizations, to communicate over a public
network. VPN message traffic is carried on public networking infrastructure (e.g. the
Internet) using standard (often insecure) protocols, or over a service provider's network
providing VPN service guarded by well defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the VPN
customer and the VPN service provider.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Voice Over IP (VoIP)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">The technology used to transmit voice conversations over a
data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data network may be the Internet or a
corporate Intranet.</p>
</section>
<section class="section"><span class="ph alphabet">W</span></section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term" id="reference_br5_jmh_mr__Wan">Wide Area Network (WAN)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">A large (geographically dispersed) network, usually
constructed with serial lines, that covers a large geographic area. A WAN connects LANs
using transmission lines provided by a common carrier.</p>
</section>
<section class="section">
<dfn class="term">Web (WEB)</dfn>
<p class="p p-term-content">User service allowing the administrator to manage the unit
using HTTP(S) web pages.</p>
</section>
</div>
</article><hr><span style="float: inline-end;"><a href="#">Top</a></span><article class="topic concept nested0" aria-labelledby="ariaid-title2" id="concept_fqm_rv4_k4">
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